V24 to V28 Transition: Dementia Coding Changes

The CMS Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) model version 28 (V28) is the risk adjustment model the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) uses to calculate risk adjustment factor (RAF) scores and Medicare Advantage payments. The V24 to V28 transition is a three-year phase-in from 2024 to 2026, and V28 classifies dementia into three severity-based HCCs.

Providers have to continuously balance delivering the best patient care possible with administrative responsibilities and ensuring the financial sustainability of their practice. That means it is important to keep up with coding changes such as V28.

While the CMS HCC V28 model changes may lead some providers to anticipate reimbursement shortfalls, they also present a crucial opportunity to address an existing gap in patient care, particularly in dementia detection and coding, which is now more critical than ever under the revised HCC structure.

Research shows that dementia is generally underdiagnosed. Global dementia estimates project that by 2050, roughly 139 million people worldwide will have dementia, but by current standards, an additional 60% of cases may remain undiagnosed, according to a review of undetected dementia. The increasing demand for dementia care represents a major challenge to population health management in the context of an already strained medical system.

For providers who are making dementia detection a priority in response to the changes to V28, it’s time to evaluate patient experience workflows, documentation processes, and billing and administrative requirements, in order to achieve practice sustainability while managing population health.

Read on for a complete guide to the changes, the impacts on dementia screening and care, and practical steps for transitioning to the new model.

How does Medicare Advantage risk adjustment work?

Let’s start with some background. For adults over 65 years old, Medicare is the government-funded healthcare payer option, while Medicare Advantage (MA) is a privately-managed option.

A risk adjustment factor (RAF) score is based on an individual’s health conditions, care needs, and their funding coverage needs. In other words, individuals with complex health conditions or more than one condition require additional care and funding, which is represented by a higher RAF score.

The RAF score determines how much funding is allocated by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to the Medicare Advantage Organizations (MAOs) per patient.

To illustrate, consider two patients:

• Patient A, who has been diagnosed with dementia along with other chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease
• Patient B, who is relatively healthy with no major health issues

Patient A’s RAF score will be significantly higher than Patient B’s due to the complexity and intensity of care required not only for managing multiple chronic conditions but also for addressing the progressive nature of dementia.

As a result, Medicare Advantage organizations will receive more funding for Patient A, enabling them to provide targeted interventions and comprehensive management. This additional funding supports earlier detection of conditions such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia, allowing for tailored treatment plans, and ongoing care strategies. By identifying and addressing early symptoms, healthcare providers can ensure that patients receive the specialized care needed to maintain their quality of life.

What is the CMS-HCC V28 model?

According to CMS, the new HCC model version 28 (V28) is designed to better reflect utilization, cost, and diagnostic patterns observed in the Medicare population. This updated model aims to provide a more accurate representation of patient health status and resource needs, thereby improving the precision of risk adjustment and payment calculations.

The enhanced V28 model introduces refinements in how conditions are categorized and weighted, ensuring that the risk scores more accurately correlate with the actual healthcare costs incurred by different patient populations. This enhanced accuracy is expected to lead to fairer and more equitable payment distributions, reducing the risk of overpayments or underpayments to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans.

Moreover, the V28 model seeks to align coding and reimbursement processes more closely between MA plans and traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare. By standardizing these processes, CMS aims to create a more unified and transparent system that supports both quality care delivery and financial sustainability. This alignment is crucial in ensuring that both MA plans (administered by private insurance companies but funded by the government) and traditional FFS Medicare operate under consistent guidelines, reducing discrepancies and improving the overall efficiency of the Medicare system.

These changes are part of CMS’s broader effort to modernize the risk adjustment framework, making it more reflective of today's healthcare landscape and ensuring that funds are allocated efficiently to support necessary patient care without incurring unnecessary costs.

What changed in the V24 to V28 transition?

The V24 to V28 transition fully replaces the V24 model after a three-year phase-out ending in 2026. What should providers be aware of today to prepare for these changes?

The significant changes in V28 are:

• Coding references ICD-10-CM, phasing out the ICD-9-CM used for the V24 model.
• An increase in HCC categories from 86 to 115.
• Those 115 HCCs are split into 26 families of conditions.
• A decrease in HCC codes (ICD-10-CM codes) from 9,797 to 7,770.
• An additional 268 codes, as well as re-numbering and changing HCC categories.
• Changes to the HCC coefficient values (risk scores that map to each HCC category).

How does V28 affect dementia coding?

In a comment letter to CMS, America’s Physician Groups noted that the shift to V28 of the risk adjustment model introduces the removal of 2,027 ICD-10-CM diagnostic codes from the existing HCC set. This change is expected to result in a potential 17%+ revenue loss for some organizations, assuming an even distribution of the impacted codes across patient populations. However, the actual financial impact may vary based on the frequency of these codes in an organization's coding practices.

At the same time, V28 introduces several important updates. It expands high-RAF (0.341) dementia HCC categories (HCC 125, 126, 127), and maintains capture opportunities of payable substance use disorders and psychiatric disease groups, providing continued reimbursement potential in these areas, according to the 2024 CMS Advance Notice and an analysis of mental health HCCs. This is partly due to ICD-10-CM’s improved specificity; what required multiple codes under ICD-9-CM can now be described with a single, more specific code. This refinement in specificity not only streamlines coding but also enables more informed decision-making, potentially leading to enhanced diagnostic accuracy, as the AHIMA Journal reports.

While the reduction in diagnostic codes might initially suggest potential revenue loss, the refinement in coding specificity and the expansion of high-RAF dementia categories offer significant opportunities for precise risk adjustment. This change aligns with industry standards for enhanced data capture and cost prediction. Understanding the shift to more specific ICD-10-CM codes is crucial for grasping how V28 affects dementia coding and overall risk adjustment.

Considering that dementia is widely underdiagnosed within the population, there’s an opportunity for healthcare providers to minimize this gap, reach underserved patient populations, and receive adequate funding coverage to address these patients’ needs.

Two V28 shifts that matter for dementia care

There are two major shifts with V28 that healthcare providers should keep in mind in the context of population health management and dementia care.

1. V28 removes certain conditions from the HCC model, including cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, psychiatric, and musculoskeletal conditions. While these changes could impact risk adjustment and reimbursement, it's crucial to recognize the interconnections between heart health, brain health, and mental health. Providers can continue to monitor and manage these conditions as part of dementia care to ensure comprehensive patient management and optimal outcomes.
2. V28 enhances the detection and diagnosis of dementia by expanding the relevant HCC categories. This allows for more precise coding and better reimbursement for identifying dementia at its mild or moderate stages. By leveraging these expanded categories, providers can improve early detection and intervention, which is key to effective dementia care.

For example, previously, diagnosing early-stage dementia might have required multiple codes to capture various symptoms and stages. Now, with expanded categories under V28, providers can use a single, more comprehensive code to capture mild or moderate dementia stages. This streamlined approach allows for more accurate coding and can improve reimbursement by reflecting the true complexity of the patient’s condition.

How does V28 affect practices and health systems?

It’s clear through regulatory and policy changes that the US government is prioritizing cognitive healthcare. There’s greater attention being placed on cognitive conditions as the population ages, and more resources are now available for disease management. For example, the CMS already requires that providers screen for cognitive impairment during Annual Wellness Visits, and provides reimbursement for these routine appointments.

According to the Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures report, nearly 11% of adults over 65 have Alzheimer’s disease (not including other dementias) and yet only 4–6% of this demographic are captured with a dementia diagnosis, as noted in a review of computerized cognitive assessment. With better dementia screening tools and more expanded coding categories, providers can more accurately reflect the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, possibly doubling their capture rate, and receive appropriate reimbursement for the complex care these patients require.

Managing the V24 to V28 transition for dementia coding

As 2026 approaches, healthcare providers will need to stay up to date with the regulatory changes and adjust to the adoption of V28 practices. Below, we outline a few key steps that will continue to be important in this transition.

1. Manage two versions of HCC

Until V28 takes full effect in 2026, providers will have to manage two HCC models. Health systems and practices can manage this transition by identifying the top HCCs that apply to their patient population. For example, if seniors comprise a significant portion of a practice’s patient population, it may be helpful to keep both the V24 and V28 HCC codes for dementia on hand, while transitioning to the new model.

2. Keep detailed documentation

Accurate risk adjustment has always relied on clear and specific documentation. Practices should invest in technology that allows them to capture detailed insights into a patient’s cognitive performance and more accurately categorize conditions based on severity in the V28 model.

Tools like Creyos can support this effort by providing comprehensive assessments that align with the latest risk adjustment requirements.

3. Calculate RAF scores

During this transition, consider using both V24 and V28 models to calculate risk models. For example, in 2025, you might find it helpful to determine the risk score by combining 33% of the adjusted V28 CMS-HCC model risk score with 67% of the adjusted V24 CMS-HCC model risk score.

4. Invest in accurate dementia screening tools

As the need for dementia care increases and is incentivized by changes like the V28 model, healthcare systems can benefit from more effective dementia screening tools. Traditionally, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) are used to screen for dementia, but these tests are suited for detecting only more severe cases and often require additional administration effort (such as manual uploads to patient records).

The Creyos Dementia Protocol combines cognitive, functional, and behavioral testing to provide information about symptoms of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. It includes screening, assessment, care planning and tracking.

Achieving accurate and efficient dementia detection with Creyos

Creyos Health aligns closely with these evolving priorities. The platform supports the incentivization of routine cognitive testing which contributes to better patient outcomes by enabling:

• Establishing a baseline of cognitive performance
• Earlier detection of meaningful changes to cognition
• Quicker intervention and treatment for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
• Effective reassessment to evaluate treatment efficacy and condition progression
• Insight into broader psychological and behavioral health through comprehensive assessments

Integrating Creyos Health into your practice can streamline your approach to cognitive healthcare and keep you ahead of the curve with evolving regulations.

Traditional dementia screeners detect only more severe cognitive impairment and later-stage disease progression, according to a review of computerized testing. With the transition to V28 and coding categories that include mild and moderate levels of impairment, new tools are needed that can support earlier detection.

Creyos Health was designed to assess cognitive ability more conveniently and in greater detail compared to traditional tools. In one study of adults over 62 years old, the MoCA could only classify 72% of participants as unambiguously impaired or unimpaired. Creyos cognitive task scores were correlated with MoCA scores, but provided additional information to help determine each participant’s level of impairment, increasing classification to 92%.

Built for better detection, diagnosis, and documentation, Creyos enables:

• Rapid dementia screening. A two-task patient screener can be completed in 5 minutes and accurately identify patients with cognitive impairment to determine whether further testing is necessary.
• Recommended next steps. The report includes guidance on whether further cognitive testing is recommended, a capability also built directly into the platform.
• Robust cognitive testing. For patients requiring further testing, a cognitive assessment can deliver detailed insights into cognitive function, aiding in dementia diagnosis and management. This assessment aligns with DSM-5 criteria for dementia, ensuring that testing and recommendations are based on widely accepted standards. Offering compatibility with V28, clinicians can use these criteria to guide their diagnostic and treatment decisions.
• Automated reporting. Delivers an immediate, data-driven report providing both providers and patients with a comprehensive review, offering insights into cognitive performance compared to a normative database of over 85,000 healthy participants matched by age and gender. This efficiency streamlines the review process and supports timely decision-making, enhancing the decision-making and feedback experience.without having to schedule appointment follow ups for interpretation.
• Cognitive care planning. Built-in cognitive care planning ensures that patients with more advanced cases of dementia and symptoms that impact their daily living can access the resources they need for better quality of life.
• Behavioral and mental health questionnaires. As mental health comorbidities often exist alongside cognitive impairment, these standard questionnaires can give providers a whole-person perspective on a patient’s health. Additional information about functional impairments and subjective cognitive decline can also be gathered within Creyos Health and further inform a dementia diagnosis. All parts of the Creyos dementia protocol can be administered either in-clinic or at home, offering flexibility in how these assessments are conducted.

Final thoughts: Improving dementia care and practice growth

While changes to the V28 risk adjustment model may have prompted some concern among providers about a reduction in reimbursement, we see these changes as a shift in priorities that reflects emerging patient needs. With greater demands for cognitive care, for example, we see policy and coding requirements shifting in ways to incentivize and support closing current gaps in dementia detection.

With the right steps, including keeping track of risk adjustment changes, investing in tools that allow for better screening and documentation, and introducing routine cognitive care, providers can achieve both better patient outcomes and practice sustainability.