According to the National Coffee Association, 70% of baby boomers drink coffee every day, which is higher than any other generation. Given that this generation is in their senior years (between 60–80 years old), there has been a large focus in healthcare on lifestyle factors related to healthy aging, brain health, and conditions prevalent in the aging population—such as dementia. As a result, there have been many studies about the link between coffee and dementia, many of which have conflicting results.
However, there are clear scientific indicators about the ways coffee and caffeine intake impact cognitive functioning. In this article, we’ll review the most recent research about the relationship between drinking coffee and dementia to help patients make informed decisions about their caffeine consumption.
The Impact of Caffeine on Cognitive Functioning
One systematic review (Irwin et al., 2019) determined that caffeine positively impacts most areas of cognition, particularly when compensating for sleep loss. These areas include response time, accuracy, attention, executive function, information processing, and memory.
However, coffee and tea consumption can impact patients experiencing cognitive decline in several ways, both positive and negative, including:
Focus
As a stimulant of the central nervous system, coffee impacts focus for many people. Because struggles with concentration are often an early symptom of vascular dementia (NHS), coffee and tea consumption may offer temporary support in focusing on daily tasks.
Sleep
While caffeine isn’t a replacement for a good night’s sleep, it is a highly effective tool for managing the cognitive effects of sleep loss. Sleep disruption impacts 25–50% of dementia patients—however, higher caffeine intake, especially at night, might make it even harder to fall asleep (Mayo Clinic).
When treating dementia, clinicians may wish to monitor how many cups of coffee or tea a patient is having daily and determine how that might be impacting their symptoms. Implementing measurement-based care makes it easier to gather data and track patterns in dementia cases.
Anxiety
Anxiety is strongly tied to cognition, and can negatively affect a patient’s memory, concentration, and overall mood.
While coffee is associated with improved mood, some people also report that it increases their anxiety, particularly if they’re not regular coffee drinkers (Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee). However, in a study that measured the connection between coffee consumption and anxiety and depression, it found that people who had the lowest risk for both depression and anxiety drank about 2–3 cups of coffee per day (Min et al., 2023).
Depression
Coffee may have protective effects against the development of depression. One systematic review found that there was a 4% reduction in the risk of depression associated with an increase in coffee intake (Torabynasab et al., 2023). Another found reduced risk of depression by 8% for each additional cup consumed daily (Wang et al., 2015).
Memory
A morning cup of coffee is reported to improve memory performance in young adults, particularly when counteracting the slump in cognitive performance at non-optimal times of the day (Sherman et al., 2016). A related study evaluated caffeine intake for older adults at their non-optimal time of day and found that coffee completely reversed memory decline experienced in the afternoon (Ryan et al., 2002).
What is the Link Between Drinking Coffee and Dementia?
With over 10 million new cases of dementia emerging each year, it makes sense that there are so many new studies about dementia prevention and treatment (Alzheimer’s Disease International). When discussing the relationship between coffee and Alzheimer’s disease with patients, using an evidence-based practice approach makes sure that they get the most accurate and up-to-date information. However, many current and previous studies have mixed conclusions about whether coffee increases or decreases the risk of dementia.
Here, we have summarized the possible conclusions of several of the leading studies on coffee and dementia for provider and patient consideration:
Coffee Drinking and Dementia Prevention
In 2010, a paper from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study concluded that coffee drinking may be associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia (Eskelinen and Kivipelto, 2010).
While this evidence was somewhat inconsistent between studies, three out of five found that coffee intake lowered the risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other forms of cognitive decline. These positive results were also visible when coffee and tea were combined, but more inconclusive when it came to tea intake alone (Chen et al., 2020).
Coffee and Tea for Hypertensive Patients
A 2024 prospective cohort study conducted research on how drinking coffee and tea affects the risk of dementia in people with and without hypertension (Wang et al., 2024).
In people with hypertension:
- Drinking 0.5–1 cups of coffee and 4–4 cups of tea daily was linked to the lowest risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease compared to people who drink a lot of coffee (6+ cups) but no tea.
In this study, individuals with hypertension were at the greatest risk for dementia, so they were most likely to benefit from caffeine. In people without hypertension, there was no significant link between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of dementia.
Caffeine and Active Cognitive Impairment
One 2020 systematic review on caffeine and dementia examined the results of 61 studies conducted between 1990 and 2020 (Chen et al., 2020).
28% of studies looking at the link between caffeine and dementia found positive outcomes across the board, and 53% showed positive results depending on factors like caffeine source, amount, and participant demographics. Studies with female participants, moderate consumption of 100-400 milligrams, and a source of either coffee or green tea tended to find positive results.
In the studies that focused specifically on people with cognitive impairment, 73% found that caffeine intake improved cognitive function, suggesting that coffee could help with symptoms of dementia progression.
Boiled vs. Filtered Coffee and Dementia
A Norwegian study called HUNT gathered data on participants over nearly 22 years, exploring the link between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease (Abbel et al., 2023).
In order to explore mixed results from other studies, this study examined outcomes associated with consumption of boiled coffee versus filtered coffee. Boiled coffee, such as that prepared in a French press, contains higher levels of lipids, which could increase cardiovascular disease issues that are a risk factor for dementia. Filtered coffee, like that prepared in a drip coffee maker, removes these lipids.
Overall, the key findings of this study are as follows:
- Drinking 4–7 cups of boiled coffee was linked to an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment, and drinking 6+ cups was linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Other types of coffee, such as filtered coffee, were not associated with this risk.
- Drinking boiled coffee (6+ cups daily) might especially increase dementia risk in women and ApoE4 non-carriers.
- Drinking other types of coffee (e.g., filtered coffee) might lower dementia risk in men.
- Tea showed no significant association with dementia risk in this study. However, this was possibly due to the lower number of tea drinkers.
The results of a single study are not enough to recommend changes in coffee preparation methods for patients. However, physicians may wish to keep an eye on this intriguing new finding as one more variable that can help predict the effects of coffee in a particular patient.
Caffeine and Poststroke Dementia
A 2021 cohort study found that drinking coffee and tea either separately or in combination was associated with a lower risk of dementia and stroke. The study included over 350,000 participants aged 50–70 from the UK Biobank and was held between 2006 and 2010, with a follow-up in 2020 (Zhang et al., 2021).
The study’s overall findings concluded that:
- 2–3 daily cups of coffee, 3-5 daily cups of tea, or a combination of 4-6 cups of coffee and tea were linked to the lowest hazard ratio of incident stroke and dementia.
- Drinking 2–3 cups of coffee with 2-3 cups of tea each day was associated with a 32% lower risk of stroke and a 28% lower risk of dementia.
- Drinking either coffee alone or with tea lowered the risk of poststroke dementia, with the lowest risk at 3–6 cups of coffee and tea per day.
Conducting Scientifically-Validated Cognitive Assessments
The Creyos suite of cognitive tasks, behavioral questionnaires, and pre-made protocols make it easy to screen for different cognitive and mental health disorders. This includes ADHD, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety, and more.
Our assessments can be completed in under ten minutes, either remotely or in person, and produce reports that are easy to understand for patients and providers alike. These reports track longitudinal performance trends, allowing providers to determine symptom progression over time—as well as note the possible impact caffeine has had on the day’s results compared to a baseline.
The Link Between Dementia and Coffee
As the research shows, caffeine has a short-term positive effect on cognitive function, so it may temporarily improve cognition for those suffering from impairment. In some populations, coffee drinking seems to lower dementia risk, but there’s still more research needed to understand its impacts on specific types of dementia and the caffeine types that have the most benefit.
Given the complex effects of caffeine, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer to whether coffee drinking is good for dementia patients. New research on the effect coffee has on dementia emerges every year. For now, gathering data on a patient’s caffeine intake along with cognitive assessments is the best way to track any patterns. Ultimately, the choice of whether or not to drink coffee can be determined based on how it makes patients feel day-to-day