With greater awareness of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the public, clinicians face more requests from patients for ADHD testing. Widespread awareness, open conversations, and reduced stigma are all positives. But more people may be self-diagnosing ADHD, based on symptoms they learn about online.
So the pressure comes back to healthcare providers to offer clarity and accuracy around diagnosis. With a lot of subjective information out there, clinicians have an opportunity to use objective measures to give patients clear answers about their cognition and an appropriate path for treatment or referrals.
To meet the challenges of this rising demand, Creyos created a specific ADHD Assessment Tool and Report, being made available right in the Creyos Health platform.
This report improves patient experiences and outcomes, while offering healthcare professionals the confidence that comes with a protocol that is:
- Scientifically validated
- Built specifically to measure objective markers corresponding to diagnostic criteria for ADHD
- A set of objective measurements that complement subjective questionnaires
- Effective for ongoing tracking of efficacy of medication and other treatment on cognition
- Flexibly administered in clinic or at home
In this article, we’ll address ADHD diagnostic criteria, scientific foundation, scores, score interpretation, and a step-by-step guide for administering the Creyos Health ADHD Assessment Tool and Report.
Please note: The Creyos ADHD Clinical Protocol and Report is not a standalone diagnostic tool. As with other Creyos Health assessments, any conclusions drawn from the Creyos ADHD Clinical Report should be paired with clinical interviews and observations, other mental health examinations or assessments administered, and other evaluations of the patient and/or the patient's family history.
The Rise of ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment
Current Research on the Prevalence of ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most common conditions that healthcare providers deal with every day. As per this article in the National Library of Medicine, it is one of the fastest growing conditions, among youth in particular:
National population surveys reflect an increase in the prevalence [of ADHD] from 6.1% to 10.2% in the 20-year period from 1997 to 2016 and experts continue to debate the causes for this trend. On the one hand, while there are children whose diagnoses are irrefutable and undeniably require treatment, some experts worry about the risk of overdiagnosis and subsequent over-prescription of stimulants and other psychotropics. Like with most psychotropic medications, treatment consideration needs to be carefully weighed with regards to potential adverse outcomes.
Other studies are exploring whether instances of ADHD have only increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The causes they cite include “a lack of structure and anxiety about COVID or jobs during the pandemic".
Challenging the Status Quo of ADHD Assessment
Patients want to know—what assessments are used to diagnose ADHD? With the readiness of social media information, a person who identifies with ADHD symptoms might first turn to a Google search for “ADHD test online,” seeking to validate their experience.
As you can imagine, many online assessment tools don’t have scientific credibility. On the other hand, patients might feel hesitant to bring their concerns to a clinician because of the long and costly processes typically involved in ADHD diagnosis:
- 6 to 8 month referral and booking period wait times
- 1 to 3 hour neuropsychiatric assessment
- Out-of-pocket expenses for the patient
While other computerized ADHD assessment tools also exist, they often require:
- More than 20 minutes to complete continuous performance tasks
- ADHD specialists to administer assessments and interpret results
- Hardware that restricts the setting for completing the test
How is this impacting clinical workflows? Long wait times and high costs mean clinicians and patients often rely solely on a brief ADHD questionnaire and/or diagnostic interview to reach a diagnosis. Alone, a questionnaire offers subjective data which may not be enough to justify diagnosis. The process often leaves all parties wanting more concrete information.
Introducing the Creyos Health ADHD Focused Protocol and Report
What is the Creyos ADHD Assessment Tool?
This new condition-focused protocol is a direct result of feedback received from the Creyos community and is fundamentally different from the reports and protocols you may have used and reviewed to-date. Specifically, this new report involves five Creyos cognitive tasks that examine 14 specific markers of ADHD. It then highlights whether the individual is within or outside the typical rating scale range for each, making it easy to identify atypical performance on criteria associated with ADHD.
What Does it Include?
Our new, pre-built ADHD assessment is different from any existing protocols you may have created or used in Creyos Health.
It is made up of:
- Four cognitive tests that efficiently measure aspects of attention and executive function
- The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), a short continuous performance task
- An optional, age-appropriate questionnaire
What are the Benefits?
A key benefit of the ADHD Assessment and Report is that it takes less than 25 minutes to complete, making it easy for patients to be assessed in the appropriate setting for focus, either in clinic or at home.
The protocol also features the SART, a brand new, 6-minute task within the family of continuous performance tasks commonly used with ADHD populations. The entire ADHD assessment is pre-built and tailored to the condition, so a healthcare professional can easily administer the tasks and produce an objective, precise evaluation.
As with all Creyos Health assessments, an easy-to-interpret report is instantly generated upon completion. The ADHD report you’ll receive:
- Is scientifically validated and objective
- Is based on extensive research (hundreds of papers using Creyos tasks have been published)
- Conveys performance with respect to the typical range on specific ADHD markers, in addition to specific percentile ranks
The Science Behind The ADHD Focused Protocol and Report
How We Built the ADHD Assessment
In speaking to healthcare providers, we consistently heard the need for an objective clinical report focused on ADHD. Our solution became clear: Use the latest neuroscience, drawn from over 350 peer-reviewed studies involving Creyos tasks, to develop a fast and efficient ADHD-focused protocol that results in a comprehensive, yet easy-to-interpret, report.
This ADHD protocol also draws from existing assessments and rating scales including:
- The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, or ASRS
- The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, or VADRS
- The Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale, or SWAN
What are the 14 Markers of ADHD?
The Creyos ADHD Assessment is focused on 14 markers—specific cognitive performance metrics within Creyos tasks that are associated with an ADHD diagnosis.
To find markers validated through scientifically-supported associations with ADHD, Creyos examined over 100 peer-reviewed papers. We found:
- Ten markers derived from four existing Creyos cognitive tasks (Spatial Planning, Token Search, Feature Match, and Double Trouble).
- Four more markers derived from the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), a task available exclusively as part of the Creyos ADHD assessment.
What is SART?
The SART is a common task used with the ADHD population, and is part of the continuous performance test family—that is, tasks that measure attention and response inhibition over longer periods of time.
As outlined in depth in the Creyos ADHD Clinical Report Science Guide, the SART has proven to be a valid and reliable measure of sustained attention. It specifically measures the ability to sustain mindful, conscious information processing, even in repetitive, boring or distracting situations.
Completing the SART is simple: numbers flash on the screen and patients must press the spacebar or click the "Go" button for all numbers except the number 3.
How To Administer The Creyos ADHD Assessment
- Start Protocol
- Choose Administration Method
- Choose Custom or Condition-Focused
- Select ADHD Protocol
- Add Questionnaire
1. Get Started: Click "Start Protocol" on the Patient Details page as you normally would.
2. Choose Your Administration Method: You can choose to send a link or an email to your patient to complete the assessments either in clinic or at home.
3. Choose Custom or Condition-Focused: A new screen will appear with the option to choose between two types of protocols.
- Selecting "Administer Your Own Protocol" will take you down the familiar path of either choosing an existing protocol you have created, or creating a custom protocol on the fly.
- Selecting "Choose A Condition-Focused Protocol" will allow you to administer the new pre-built ADHD protocol.
4. ADHD Protocol: On the next screen, select from the available condition-focused protocols.
Please note: while ADHD is the only one available now, you will have the ability to choose from other condition-focused protocols in the future.
You can also navigate back to a custom protocol flow by clicking "Would you rather administer your own protocol?" and then assemble your own set of tasks and questionnaires.
5. Add Questionnaire: On the next screen you will have the chance to review the cognitive tasks and questionnaires included in the assessment, as well as the time required to complete the overall protocol.
Regardless of what questionnaire is added, the whole protocol should take 25 minutes at most to complete.
Depending on your patient’s age, the appropriate questionnaire will automatically be included, alongside scientifically validated tasks that are proved to correlate with ADHD via peer-reviewed academic papers.
How To Interpret The ADHD Rating Scale
Once your patient completes their assessment, you'll be able to access a simple, easy-to-read report focused on ADHD in the same ways as you always do—right from the patient’s details page or the general reports page. Rather than having the results spread out across assessment types, you’ll get a unified report that offers a summary, rating scales, plus a deeper dive into performance on each task.
In this next section, we’ll walk you through how to find and read the report. For more in-depth information, please download the Creyos ADHD Report Interpretation Guide.
- Summary Page
- Markers
- Typical vs. Outside the Typical Range
- Optional Questionnaire Scoring
- Details Section
1. Summary Page: The first page of the report is a summary that you can use to quickly derive useful clinical insights. An executive summary appears at the top of the first page for a quick overview of the results.
2. Markers: On the summary page, the rows highlighted in orange flag when a marker is outside the typical rating scales range. This gives you an easy way to review the information that matters most. The executive summary at the top both verbally and visually shows how many markers were met for that particular section.
An overview of all data and metrics on the summary report is provided below:
3. Typical vs. Outside the Typical Range: Each marker has a rating scale threshold used to determine if a patient’s scores falls outside the typical range. You can find these details under the Typical Range column.
The typical range corresponds to performance commonly associated with people who are not diagnosed with ADHD.
Outside the typical range corresponds, statistically speaking, to the patient’s performance being one standard deviation away from the mean, in the same direction as people diagnosed with ADHD in published studies. Note, these can be reflected in either higher scores or lower, depending on the marker.
4. Optional Questionnaire Scoring: If an ADHD questionnaire is included—such as the VADRS, SWAN, and ASRS—a total score is calculated, then compared to a rating scale threshold for ADHD symptoms.
These questionnaires combine subjective input from the patient with a systematic method of tracking and recording symptoms over time.
Here is what the VADRS summary report looks like:
Behaviors tied to each individual response that indicate ADHD symptoms are also highlighted in the Details Section. This allows you to quickly see specific behavioural problems or issues that the patient is experiencing:
5. Details Section: The Details Section provides additional context behind each task and its associated markers, allowing you to assess how close or far away from the rating scale threshold the individual scored. Also included on the Details pages are references that speak to the validity of each marker in the report:
That covers the end-to-end experience for this new clinical report focused on ADHD.
Frequently Asked Questions
As you’re using the Creyos Health ADHD Protocol and Report, you may run into several questions, including:
- What does the number of markers outside typical rating scale range mean?
- Can ADHD types be identified by the Creyos ADHD report?
- Do ADHD medications and other treatments affect cognitive testing performance?
- Does fatigue affect cognitive testing performance?
To help you answer these questions and more, please download the Creyos ADHD Clinical Report Interpretation Guide.
Start Using the ADHD Assessment and Report in Your Practice Today
With this protocol and report, healthcare professionals can better respond to patients’ questions and concerns around potential ADHD diagnosis. It’s clear that as greater awareness and prevalence of ADHD emerges, assessments that can provide an objective, scientifically-backed, and comprehensive look at cognitive markers are key to taking patient care to the next level.
If you have any questions or comments as you begin to use The Creyos ADHD Assessment Tool and Report, please let us know—you can contact us at help@creyos.com or send a line directly to your customer success manager. We look forward to hearing from you.